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Seracare心肌磷脂IgG(Cardiolipin IgG)

Seracare心肌磷脂IgG(Cardiolipin IgG)

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美国SeracareSeracare心肌磷脂IgG(Cardiolipin IgG) 阳性质控品对照品 需要了解更多Seracare产品可以咨询我们,本产品由广州健仑生物科技有限公司提供

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美国Seracare心肌磷脂IgG(Cardiolipin IgG)

广州健仑生物科技有限公司

广州健仑长期供应各种生物原料,主要代理品牌:美国Seracare、西班牙Certest、美国Fuller等等。

主要产品包括各种标准品、阳性对照品、单克隆抗原抗体。

其中常见的有:弓形虫病、西尼罗河病毒、类风湿因子、疟疾、麻疹、莱姆病、百日咳杆菌、大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、李斯特菌等阳性对照品。

美国Seracare心肌磷脂IgG(Cardiolipin IgG)

我司还提供其它进口或国产试剂盒:登革热、疟疾、流感、A链球菌、合胞病毒、腮病毒、乙脑、寨卡、黄热病、基孔肯雅热、克锥虫病、违禁品滥用、肺炎球菌、军团菌、化妆品检测、食品安全检测等试剂盒以及日本生研细菌分型诊断血清、德国SiFin诊断血清、丹麦SSI诊断血清等产品。

欢迎咨询

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【Seracare产品介绍】

编号

英文名称

中文名称

JL-FA-01

Amebiasis (AME)

阿米巴病

JL-FA-02

Allergens, Rast scores

过敏原,放射性过敏原吸收实验。指对特定的人群引起免疫反应或者过敏反应的食品中的蛋白质

JL-FA-03

Allergens, Rast scores negative

过敏原,放射性过敏原吸收实验阴性

JL-FA-04

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide Antibody (CCP) Arthritis

抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体

JL-FA-05

ASCA Saccharomyces Cerevi

人抗酿酒酵母抗体(ASCA)

JL-FA-06

Aspergillis

麴菌病

JL-FA-07

Beta 2 Glycoprotein

β2糖蛋白

JL-FA-08

Beta 2 Glycoprotein  IgM

β2糖蛋白 IGM

JL-FA-09

Bordela Pertussis

百日咳杆菌

JL-FA-10

Bordela Pertussis IgM

百日咳杆菌 IGM

JL-FA-11

C-ANCA

C-抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)

JL-FA-12

Cardiolipin

心肌磷脂

JL-FA-13

Cardiolipin IgA

心肌磷脂 IGA

JL-FA-14

Cardiolipin IgG

心肌磷脂 IGG

JL-FA-15

Cardiolipin IgM

心肌磷脂 IGM

JL-FA-16

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

脑脊髓液

JL-FA-17

Chagas

恰加斯病/南美锥虫

JL-FA-18

Chlamydia

衣原体

JL-FA-19

Chlamydia IgA

衣原体IGA

JL-FA-20

Chlamydia IgG

衣原体IGG

JL-FA-21

Chlamydia IgM

衣原体IGM

JL-FA-22

Chlamydia Neg

衣原体阴性

JL-FA-23

Clotting Factor C3

凝固因子C3

JL-FA-24

Clotting Factor C4

凝固因子C4

JL-FA-25

Coccidiodes

球孢菌

JL-FA-26

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Neg

巨细胞病毒抗体阴性

JL-FA-27

CMV IgG

巨细胞病毒 IGG阳性

JL-FA-28

CMV IgM VCA

巨细胞病毒 IGM 阳性

JL-FA-29

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

C-反应蛋白质

JL-FA-30

Dengue Fever

登革热

JL-FA-31

Dengue Fever IgM

登革热 IGM

JL-FA-32

DS (Double Stranded) DNA

双链脱氧核糖核酸

JL-FA-33

EBNA (Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen) IgG

EB病毒核抗原 IGG

JL-FA-34

EBNA (Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen) IgM

EB病毒核抗原 IGM

JL-FA-35

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Negative Plasma

EB病毒阴性血浆

JL-FA-36

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) EA IgM

EB病毒早期抗原 IGM

JL-FA-37

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) VCA IgM

EB病毒壳蛋白  IGM

JL-FA-38

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) EA IgG

EB病毒早期抗原 IGG

JL-FA-39

EMA (Endomysial Antibodies)

肌内膜

JL-FA-40

Gliadin

麸蛋白,麦醇溶蛋白,麦胶蛋白

JL-FA-41

Gliadin IgG

麦醇溶蛋白  IGG

JL-FA-42

Gliadin IgA

麦醇溶蛋白 IGA

JL-FA-43

Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBMA)

肾小球基底膜病

JL-FA-44

Helicobacter pylori IgA

幽门螺旋杆菌IGA

JL-FA-45

Helicobacter pylori IgG

幽门螺旋杆菌IGG

JL-FA-46

Helicobacter pylori IgM

幽门螺旋杆菌IGM

JL-FA-47

Helicobacter pylori Negative

幽门螺旋杆菌阴性

JL-FA-48

Helicobacter pylori Positive Plasma

幽门螺旋杆菌阴性血浆

JL-FA-49

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Pos. Plasma

甲型肝炎病毒阳性血浆

JL-FA-50

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) IgM

甲型肝炎病毒IGM

JL-FA-51

Hepatitis B Core (HBc) IgG

乙型肝炎病毒核心 IGG

JL-FA-52

Hepatitis B Core (HBc) IgM

乙型肝炎病毒核心 IGM

JL-FA-53

Anti Hbe (Antibody to HBV antigen)

乙肝抗体

JL-FA-54

Hepatitis Delta Virus

丁型肝炎病毒

JL-FA-55

HBeAg (HBV e antigen)

乙肝 E抗原

JL-FA-56

anti-HBs (HBV surface antibody)

乙肝表面抗体

JL-FA-57

Hepatitis B (HBsAg) "Chronic"

乙型肝炎(乙肝表面抗原)“慢性病

JL-FA-58

HBsAg (HBV surface antigen) Serum

乙肝表面抗原血清

JL-FA-59

HBsAg (AD)

乙肝表面抗原(AD)

JL-FA-60

HBsAg (AY)

乙肝表面抗原(AY)

JL-FA-61

HBV Positive Plasma

乙肝阳性血浆

JL-FA-62

HBV DNA Plasma

乙肝DNA血浆

JL-FA-63

HBV DNA Serum

乙肝DNA血清

JL-FA-64

HBV DNA type A

 A型 乙肝DNA

JL-FA-65

HBV DNA type B

 B型 乙肝DNA

JL-FA-66

HBV DNA type C

 C型 乙肝DNA

JL-FA-67

HBV DNA type D

 D型 乙肝DNA

JL-FA-68

HBV DNA type E

 E型 乙肝DNA

JL-FA-69

HBV DNA type F

 F型 乙肝DNA

JL-FA-70

HBV Antibody HCV Antibody Plasma CO-INFECTED

乙肝和丙肝联合感染血浆

JL-FA-71

HCV (Hepatitis C Virus) Antibody

丙型肝炎抗体

JL-FA-72

HCV Core Antigen Positive

丙肝核心抗原 阳性

JL-FA-73

HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 1

基因1型丙肝RNA 血浆

JL-FA-74

HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 2

基因2型丙肝RNA 血浆

JL-FA-75

HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 3

基因3型丙肝RNA 血浆

JL-FA-76

HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 4

基因4型丙肝RNA 血浆

JL-FA-77

HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 5

基因5型丙肝RNA 血浆

JL-FA-78

HCV RNA PLASMA Genotype 6

基因6型丙肝RNA 血浆

JL-FA-79

HCV Riba single band

丙肝免疫印迹单波段

JL-FA-80

HCV RIBA Pos. (multiple bands)

丙肝免疫印迹阳性多波段

JL-FA-81

HCV Negative

丙肝阴性

JL-FA-82

HCV RNA Pos (quantitative)

丙肝RNA阳性(定量)

JL-FA-83

Hepatitis E

戊型肝炎

JL-FA-84

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)1/2 Positive Plasma

单纯性疱疹病毒1/2阳性血浆

JL-FA-85

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 1 Negative Plasma

单纯性疱疹病毒1 阴性血浆

JL-FA-86

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 1 IgG

单纯性疱疹病毒1 IGG

JL-FA-87

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV 1) IgM

单纯性疱疹病毒1 IGM

JL-FA-88

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 2 IgG

单纯性疱疹病毒2 IGG

JL-FA-89

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 2 IgM

单纯性疱疹病毒2 IGG

JL-FA-90

Histone

组蛋白

JL-FA-91

Human Anti Mouse Ab (HAMA)

人抗鼠抗体

JL-FA-92

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 Neg

HIV  I 阴性

JL-FA-93

anti Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 Plasma

抗HIV  I 血浆

JL-FA-94

anti Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 Serum

抗HIV  I 血清

JL-FA-95

anti Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 2 Western Blot Tested

抗HIV  2 免疫印迹

JL-FA-96

anti Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1/2 2 HIV (+)

抗HIV 1/2 2  HIV阳性

JL-FA-97

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Ag

HIV抗原

JL-FA-98

HIV RNA (quantitative) Plasma

HIV RNA 定量血浆

JL-FA-99

HIV RNA (quantitative) Serum

HIV RNA 定量血清

JL-FA-100

HIV1 Subtype A

HIV1  亚型A

JL-FA-101

HIV1 Subtype B

HIV1  亚型B

JL-FA-102

HIV1 Subtype C

HIV1  亚型C

JL-FA-103

HIV1 Subtype D

HIV1  亚型D

JL-FA-104

HIV1 Subtype E

HIV1  亚型E

JL-FA-105

HIV1 Subtype F

HIV1  亚型F

JL-FA-106

HIV1 Subtype G

HIV1  亚型G

JL-FA-107

HIV1 Subtype H

HIV1  亚型H

JL-FA-108

HIV1 Subtype J

HIV1  亚型J

JL-FA-109

HIV1 Subtype K

HIV1  亚型K

JL-FA-110

HIV1 Group O

HIV1  亚型O

JL-FA-111

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 2 Antibody Plasma

HIV 2 抗体血浆

JL-FA-112

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 2 Antibody Serum

HIV 2 抗体血清

JL-FA-113

HPV (Human Papiloma Virus) Negative

人乳状瘤病毒HPV阴性

JL-FA-114

HPV (Human Papiloma Virus) Positive

人乳状瘤病毒HPV阳性

JL-FA-115

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Antibody HCV Antibody Plasma COINFECTED

HIV 抗体  HCV

JL-FA-116

Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) I/II

人嗜T淋巴细胞病毒(HTLV) I/II

JL-FA-117

Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) I

人嗜T淋巴细胞病毒(HTLV) I

JL-FA-118

Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) II

人嗜T淋巴细胞病毒(HTLV) II

JL-FA-119

Jo-1

多发性肌炎抗原JO-1

JL-FA-120

IgE < 5,000 Ku/L

IgE < 5,000 Ku/L

JL-FA-121

Legionella

军团杆菌属

JL-FA-122

Leptospira

军团杆菌属

JL-FA-123

Lyme Disease

莱姆(氏)病:蜱传播的全身性疾病,常在夏季发生

JL-FA-124

Lyme IgG

莱姆(氏)病 IGG

JL-FA-125

Lyme IgM

莱姆(氏)病 IGM

JL-FA-126

Lyme Disease Neg

莱姆(氏)病 阴性

JL-FA-127

Malaria

疟疾

JL-FA-128

Mononucleosis (infectious)

单核细胞增多症(有传染性的)

JL-FA-129

Mononucleosis Negative

单核细胞增多症阴性

JL-FA-130

Measles Negative

麻疹 阴性

JL-FA-131

Measles IgG

麻疹 IGG

JL-FA-132

Measles IgM

麻疹  IGM

JL-FA-133

Microsomal Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) Positive Plasma Standard Titer (typically 1,000-3,000 IU/mL)

微粒体抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体

JL-FA-134

Microsomal Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) Negative Plasma

微粒体抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体

JL-FA-135

Anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA)

抗线粒体抗体

JL-FA-136

Multiple Sclerosis

多发性硬化症

JL-FA-137

Mumps IgG

流行性腮腺炎 IGG

JL-FA-138

Mumps Ab IgM

流行性腮腺炎抗体 IGM

JL-FA-139

Mumps Antibody Negative Plasma

流行性腮腺炎抗体阴性血浆

JL-FA-140

Mumps Antibody Negative Serum

流行性腮腺炎抗体阴性血清

JL-FA-141

Myeloma Plasma

骨髓瘤血浆

JL-FA-142

Myeloma IgA

骨髓瘤IGA

JL-FA-143

Myeloma IgE

骨髓瘤IGE

JL-FA-144

Myeloma IgG

骨髓瘤IGG

JL-FA-145

Myeloma IgM

骨髓瘤IGM

JL-FA-146

Mycoplasma

支原体

JL-FA-147

Mycoplasma Negative

支原体阴性

JL-FA-148

Mycoplasma IgG

支原体IGG

JL-FA-149

Mycoplasma IgM

支原体IGM

JL-FA-150

Mycoplasma PCR

支原体PCR

JL-FA-151

Normal Human Plasma

正常人血浆

JL-FA-152

Normal Human Serum

正常人血清

JL-FA-153

Nuclear Antibody Centromere

核抗体着丝粒

JL-FA-154

Nuclear Antibody, Speckled ANA

核抗体,斑点抗核抗体

JL-FA-155

Nuclear Antibody, Nucleolar ANA

核抗体,核仁抗核抗体

JL-FA-156

Nuclear Antibody, Homogeneous ANA

核抗体,同质抗核抗体

JL-FA-157

Nuclear Antiobody, Speckled. (ANA) Negative

核抗体,斑点。抗核抗体阴性

JL-FA-158

P-ANCA (associated neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies)

相关的嗜中性粒细胞胞浆抗体

JL-FA-159

Parietal Cell Antibody (PCA)

胃)壁细胞抗体

JL-FA-160

Parvo positive plasma

细小病毒阳性血浆

JL-FA-161

Parvo IgM

细小病毒 IGM

JL-FA-162

Parvo IgG

细小病毒 IGG

JL-FA-163

Parvo Negative Plasma

细小病毒阴性血浆

JL-FA-164

Parvo DNA positive

细小病毒 DNA 阳性

JL-FA-165

Phospholipid Positive Plasma

磷脂阳性血浆

JL-FA-166

Prothrombin

凝血酶原,凝血因子

JL-FA-167

Rheumatoid Factor (RF) <1000 IU/mL

类风湿因子<1000 IU/mL

JL-FA-168

Rheumatoid Factor (RF) 1001-2000 IU/mL

类风湿因子1001-2000 IU/mL

JL-FA-169

Rheumatoid Factor (RF) 2001-4000 IU/mL

类风湿因子 2001-4000 IU/mL

JL-FA-170

Rheumatoid Factor (RF) 4001-5000 IU/mL

类风湿因子 4001-5000 IU/mL

JL-FA-171

Rheumatoid Factor (RF) >5000 IU/mL

类风湿因子>5000 IU/mL

JL-FA-172

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) Positive

核糖核蛋白阳性

JL-FA-173

Rubella Chimeric

风疹

JL-FA-174

Rubella Negative

风疹阴性

JL-FA-175

Rubella IgG

风疹IGG

JL-FA-176

Rubella IgM

风疹IGM

JL-FA-177

Rubeola Negative Plasma

风疹阴性血浆

JL-FA-178

Rubeola IgG

风疹IGG

JL-FA-179

Scleroderma (Scl-70) Pos

胶原沉着病,硬皮病,硬皮症 阳性

JL-FA-180

Scleroderma (Scl-70) Negative

硬皮病阴性

JL-FA-181

Sickle Cell Fresh Whole Blood

镰刀形红细胞新鲜全血

JL-FA-182

Smith (SM)

抗Smith抗体阳性血清(SLE的特征性抗体)

JL-FA-183

SMITH RNP

抗RNP抗体阳性血清(SLE的特征性抗体)

JL-FA-184

Smooth Muscle (ASMA)

抗平滑肌抗体阳性血清

JL-FA-185

Sjogren syndrome antigen A (SSA) Positive

舍格伦综合征或干燥综合征抗原A 阳性

JL-FA-186

Sjogren syndrome antigen B (SSB) Positive

舍格伦综合征抗原B 阳性

JL-FA-187

Sjogren syndrome antigen B (SSB) Negative

舍格伦综合征抗原B阴性

JL-FA-188

Streptolysin O Ab (ASO)

链球菌溶血素O抗体

JL-FA-189

Syphilis (RPR - Rapid Plasma Reagin) Positive Plasma

梅毒(梅毒-快速血浆反应)阳性血浆

JL-FA-190

Syphilis (RPR - Rapid Plasma Reagin) Negative Plasma

梅毒(梅毒-快速血浆反应)阴性血浆

JL-FA-191

Syphilis/ATA/T. pallidum IgG

梅毒ATA/T,苍白球IGG

JL-FA-192

Syphilis/ATA/T. pallidum IgM

梅毒ATA/T,苍白球IGM

JL-FA-193

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Positive

全身性红斑狼疮阳性

JL-FA-194

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Negative

全身性红斑狼疮阴性

JL-FA-195

TG/TPO Positive (Standard Titer 1,000 - 3000 IU/mL)

甲状腺球蛋白/甲状腺过氧化物酶阳性

JL-FA-196

TG/TPO Negative

甲状腺球蛋白/甲状腺过氧化物酶阴性

JL-FA-197

TTG (Tissue Transglutaminase)

组织转谷氨酰胺酶

JL-FA-198

TTG (Tissue Transglutaminase) IgA

组织转谷氨酰胺酶 IGA

JL-FA-199

ToRCH (Toxo, Rubella, CMV, HSV) Positive

优生优育(弓形虫,风疹,巨细胞,单胞)阳性

JL-FA-200

ToRCH (Toxo, Rubella, CMV, HSV) Negative

优生优育(弓形虫,风疹,巨细胞,单胞)阴性

JL-FA-201

Toxoplasmosis (Toxo)

弓形虫病

JL-FA-202

Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) IgG

弓形虫病IGG

JL-FA-203

Toxoplasmosis (Toxo) IgM

弓形虫病IGM

JL-FA-204

Thyroglobulin (TG) Positive Plasma

甲状腺球蛋白阳性血浆

JL-FA-205

Thyroglobulin (TG) Negative

甲状腺球蛋白阴性

JL-FA-206

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Negative

水痘-带状疱疹病毒阴性

JL-FA-207

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) IgG

水痘-带状疱疹病毒IGG

JL-FA-208

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) IgM

水痘-带状疱疹病毒IGM

JL-FA-209

West Nile Virus (WNV)

西尼罗河脑炎病毒

JL-FA-210

West Nile Virus (WNV) IgM

西尼罗河脑炎病毒IGM

美国

在小鼠中进行的这项研究也显示肾脏自我更新的能力。不是单一型的肾干细胞就可替换任何丢失或受损的肾脏组织,而是驻留在肾脏的不同部分稍微??更专门的干细胞产生每个类型的肾组织??内的新细胞。
“这就像有分支的树,其中每个分支考虑其自身的成长,而不是依赖于躯干的照顾,”德克尔说。
科学家还发现,这些细胞是通过一个名为Wnt蛋白的细胞通路的活化作出生长的决定。Rinkevich说,即使肾上皮细胞的数量看起来一样,zui健壮肾脏形成能力可追溯到前体细胞中的Wnt信号被激活,并且只能生长为某些特定类型的肾组织。“这提示了Wnt信号是负责新肾组织的成长提供了一个治疗目标,以通过促进或恢复肾脏的再生能力,”他说。“我们也许能够打开Wnt信号通路产生新的肾脏形成细胞。”
研究人员说,这项研究发现对于科学家试图在实验室创造肾部分有着至关重要的影响。
然而,他们警告说,这样的进步并不迫在眉睫。“为了在实验室里长出整个肾脏是复杂的,因为我们需要协调许多不同种类的前体细胞的活性,” 德克尔说。“这不象血液和免疫系统可以从一种类型的干细胞再生。”
奥地利科学技术研究所(IST)的副教授Harald Janovjak,与维也纳医学大学癌症研究学会的副教授迈克尔·格吕施,一起利用光“遥控”癌细胞的行为,相关文章发表于本周的EMBO杂志上。这项工作*将光遗传学应用到癌症研究的新领域。
为了解细胞信号的动态,研究人员需要将膜受体蛋白激活和使其失活,膜受体蛋白作为一个细胞内外世界之间的中转站。理想情况下,这种激活在短时间(几秒到几分钟)以及近的目标位置(微米到毫米)内发生。然而,如此高水平的活化精密度不能使用当前的药理学和遗传学的方法来实现。光遗传学利用光来控制细胞的活性,以及具有在时间和空间上精确地被应用和移动(施加和除去)的优点。Janovjak,格吕施和同事重新设计受体酪氨酸激酶(RTKs),在光的控制下,感测生长因子和激素的必要的细胞表面受体。
当一个信号分子结合到细胞表面的RTKs,两种受体相互结合的过程称为二聚化作用。这个过程会激活细胞的信号转导。Janovjak,格吕施和同事将哺乳动物的RTKs的那些部分与光 - 氧 - 电压传感领域(鉴定黄绿藻的可逆光传感器)结合。在工程化受体中,二聚化步骤和随后的细胞信号转导现在可以通过光随着藻蛋白光感打开和关闭,以及彼此结合。在肿瘤细胞中,工程受体的活化导致细胞形态变化,细胞增殖和基因表达,增加癌症的恶性程度的特性。在血细胞中,活化导致细胞出芽,典型的新血管形成。

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This study, conducted in mice, also shows the kidney's ability to self-renew. Rather than a single type of kidney stem cell that replaces any lost or damaged kidney tissue, it resides in a slightly more specialized, more specialized stem cell that produces new cells within each type of kidney tissue.
"It's like a tree with branches, each of which takes into account its own growth, not its torso care," Decker said.
Scientists also found that these cells are the decision to grow through the activation of a cellular pathway called Wnt protein. Rinkevich said that even though the number of renal epithelial cells looks the same, the most robust kidney formation can be traced back to the activation of Wnt signaling in precursor cells and can only grow to certain types of kidney tissue. "This suggests that Wnt signaling is responsible for the growth of new kidney tissue and provides a therapeutic target to promote or restore the regenerative capacity of the kidneys," he said. "We may be able to turn on the Wnt signaling pathway to produce new kidney-forming cells."
The researchers said the study found a crucial impact on scientists trying to create parts of the kidney in the lab.
However, they warned that such progress is not imminent. "To grow an entire kidney in a lab is complicated because we need to coordinate the activity of many different kinds of precursor cells," Decker said. "It's not like the blood and the immune system can regenerate from one type of stem cell."
Harald Janovjak, an associate professor at the Austrian Institute of Science and Technology (IST), and Michael Gruissch, associate professor at the Society for Cancer Research at the Medical University of Vienna, use light to "control" cancer cells in an article published this week in the EMBO journal. This work, for the first time, applies optogenetics to new areas of cancer research.
To understand the dynamics of cell signaling, researchers need to activate and inactivate membrane receptor proteins, which act as a transit site between the cell's inner and outer cells. Ideally, this activation occurs within short periods of time (seconds to minutes) and near target locations (micrometers to millimeters). However, such a high level of activation precision can not be achieved using current pharmacological and genetic approaches. Photogenetics uses light to control the activity of cells, and has the advantage of being precisely applied and moved (applied and removed) in time and space. Janovjak, Gruch and colleagues redesigned their receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to sense the necessary cell surface receptors for growth factors and hormones under the control of light.
When a signaling molecule binds to a cell surface RTKs, the two receptors bind to each other as a dimerization. This process activates cell signaling. Janovjak, Gruch and colleagues combined those parts of the mammalian RTKs with the field of photo-oxygen-voltage sensing, a reversible light sensor that identifies Chlorella. In engineered receptors, the dimerization step and subsequent cellular signal transduction can now be turned on and off by light along with the algin protein and bind to each other. In tumor cells, activation of engineered receptors leads to changes in cell morphology, cell proliferation and gene expression, and increases the malignancy of cancers. In blood cells, activation leads to cell budding, typical neovascularization.

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